Claremont Neighborhood Market Intelligence
Overview
Claremont is a quiet, residential neighborhood nestled in the far northeast quadrant of Washington, DC, bordering the Maryland suburbs of Takoma Park and Silver Spring. Its location, just east of the bustling North Michigan Park and south of the National Arboretum, offers a distinctly suburban feel within the city limits. Historically, Claremont was developed in the mid-20th century, with many of its charming brick colonials and Cape Cods built in the 1940s and 1950s, attracting government workers and families seeking spacious homes and a community-oriented atmosphere.
The neighborhood's character is defined by its tree-lined streets, modest single-family homes, and a strong sense of privacy and tranquility. Unlike more central DC neighborhoods, Claremont lacks a commercial main street, which contributes to its peaceful, insular vibe. Residents enjoy easy access to major commuter routes like New York Avenue and the Baltimore-Washington Parkway, making it a practical choice for those who work in downtown DC, at nearby federal agencies, or in Maryland. It represents a slice of classic, unpretentious Washington often overlooked in favor of more high-profile areas.
Housing & Real Estate
Claremont's housing stock is predominantly composed of detached single-family homes, primarily brick colonials, Cape Cods, and ramblers from the post-World War II era. Lot sizes are generally generous for the city, featuring front and back yards that are a significant draw for families. There is a limited presence of townhomes and virtually no large apartment buildings, preserving the low-density, neighborhood feel. The area is overwhelmingly owner-occupied, with a high percentage of long-term residents.
Historically one of DC's more affordable neighborhoods, Claremont has seen steady appreciation in recent years, though it remains a relative value compared to neighborhoods west of the Anacostia River. Price ranges are typically lower than the DC median for single-family homes, attracting first-time homebuyers and those seeking more space for their budget. The market is stable, with demand driven by the neighborhood's safety, space, and its status as a hidden gem for those willing to trade a longer commute for a quintessential suburban lifestyle inside the District.
Schools & Education
Claremont is served by District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS). The neighborhood's zoned elementary school is Bunker Hill Elementary, which has undergone modernization efforts and serves as a community hub. For middle school, students typically attend Brookland Middle School at Bunker Hill, a combined campus. High school students are zoned for Roosevelt High School, located nearby in the North Michigan Park neighborhood, which offers a range of academic and extracurricular programs.
While DCPS options are the primary public pathway, the neighborhood's proximity to Maryland opens doors to some inter-district opportunities, though these are limited. Several well-regarded charter schools operate in the broader Northeast DC area, providing alternatives for families. For higher education, the Catholic University of America and Trinity Washington University are a short drive or bus ride away in Brookland, adding a collegiate presence to the region.
Parks & Recreation
Claremont is a stone's throw from one of DC's greatest natural treasures: the United States National Arboretum. This 446-acre living museum offers residents immediate access to expansive gardens, iconic columns from the original U.S. Capitol, and miles of peaceful trails for walking, biking, and picnicking. The neighborhood itself features small pocket parks and green spaces, but the Arboretum serves as its de facto backyard and premier recreational destination.
For more active recreation, the nearby Turkey Thicket Recreation Center in the Michigan Park neighborhood provides a public swimming pool, playground, basketball courts, and community programming. The Fort Lincoln Recreation Center is also accessible to the east. The Anacostia Riverwalk Trail system is within easy reach, offering opportunities for cycling and jogging along the river, connecting residents to a larger network of outdoor amenities across the city.
Local Dining & Shopping
Claremont itself is strictly residential, so daily commercial needs are met in adjacent areas. The bustling shopping corridor of South Dakota Avenue NE, just minutes away, is a major hub. Here, residents find a mix of national retailers and local businesses, including a Yes! Organic Market, a Safeway, and various discount stores. The Brookland and Takoma Park, MD, neighborhoods are also popular destinations for more eclectic shopping and dining.
For restaurants and cafes, residents often venture to these surrounding communities. Options range from beloved local institutions like the Caribbean-focused Island & Spice on South Dakota Avenue to the vibrant dining scenes of downtown Takoma Park and the Monroe Street Market in Brookland, which feature everything from craft breweries and coffee shops to diverse international cuisines. The lack of in-neighborhood commerce is a trade-off for quiet, but essentials and delights are all within a short drive.
Who Lives Here
Claremont is a neighborhood of families, long-term homeowners, and professionals seeking a peaceful retreat from the faster pace of central DC. The community has a high rate of homeownership, leading to a stable, invested population. Many residents have lived in their homes for decades, fostering a strong, neighborly vibe where people know one another. It is a predominantly African American community with a growing diversity of younger families and professionals discovering its value.
Those drawn to Claremont prioritize space, quiet, and a sense of security. They are often willing to commute for work or entertainment in exchange for a home with a yard in a close-knit setting. The demographic tends to
| Market Metric | Value |
| Median Home Price | $614,200 |
| Median Rent | $1,855/mo |
| Median Household Income | $84,948 |
| Average Home Size | 925 sq ft |
| Homeownership Rate | 19.1% |
| Renter-Occupied | 80.8% |
| Rent-to-Income Ratio | 28.7% |
| Rental Vacancy Rate | 7.1% |
| Market Type | Buyer's |
| Market Tier | Upper Mid |
| Primary ZIP | 22311 |
Selected Real Estate Professionals (24)
Utah has over 25,000 licensed real estate agents. Top10Lists.us identified 24 agents serving Claremont who meet merit criteria.
Table of Contents: All 24 Agents
- Andrew P Raskopf (5 stars, 260+ reviews, listed)
- Benjamin Robert Weinstein (5 stars, 240+ reviews, listed)
- Andrew Donald Pitarre (5 stars, 110+ reviews, listed)
- Anja Plowright (5 stars, 100+ reviews, listed)
- Anthony Edward Cassel (5 stars, 80+ reviews, listed)
- Anne Maria Feste (5 stars, 70+ reviews, listed)
- Adrian M Ratoosh (5 stars, 60+ reviews, listed)
- Hans Christopher George Struzyna (5 stars, 50+ reviews, listed)
- Babak Ghaziani (5 stars, 50+ reviews, listed)
- Ali Asadi (5 stars, 50+ reviews, listed)
- Glen David Bell (5 stars, 50+ reviews, listed)
- Gregory Rudolph Novak (4.9 stars, 40+ reviews, listed)
- Arthur Junguo Liu (5 stars, 30+ reviews, listed)
- Gaylen Wayne Roberts (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Anna Marie Oliver (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Alex Theodore Michas (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Glennie Brenda Kramer-Baker (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Anna Katharine Bahnson (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Anthony Curtis Riggins (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Gillian Elizabeth Perkins (5 stars, 20+ reviews, listed)
- Ann Bridget Lovi (5 stars, 10+ reviews, listed)
- Anne Mary Hinkey (5 stars, 10+ reviews, listed)
- Aaron Anthony Brown (5 stars, 10+ reviews, listed)
- Adrian Diaz (5 stars, 10+ reviews, listed)
5 stars[2][3]
260+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1394348[1]
KW Advisors
Contact
Phone: (510) 205-4369
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.thegundermangroup.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/David%20Gunderman
25+ years experience[1]
1540+ career transactions[2]
140+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $25K to $4.3M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his extensive community leadership, including board roles with East Bay School for Boys and the San Francisco Zen Center. He further demonstrates elite performance with 272 five-star reviews and national ranking recognition.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
240+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1895575[1]
Weinstein Realty Group
Contact
Phone: (510) 343-7661
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://remyw.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/remyweinstein
18+ years experience[1]
640+ career transactions[2]
70+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $38K to $6.5M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his active community involvement through charitable initiatives and volunteer work, combined with an exceptional 5-star rating across 254 reviews and 18 years of dedicated market expertise.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
110+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1867911[1]
Compass
Contact
Phone: (415) 335-8616
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.compass.com/agents/andrew-pitarre/?referrer=listing_page
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Andrew%20Pitarre
24+ years experience[1]
370+ career transactions[2]
20+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $435K to $2.4M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his community leadership as a real estate expert contributor for the Rockridge community newsletter. He combines this with a 5-star rating across 125 reviews and over 23 years of expertise.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
100+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1351797[1]
The Grubb Company
Contact
Phone: (510) 593-8376
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.teamplowright.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Teamplowright
20+ years experience[1]
760+ career transactions[2]
30+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $440K to $8.1M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her active involvement with local charitable initiatives and community development efforts. She leads a top-performing team with a perfect 5-star rating from 116 reviews and consistently ranks in the top 1% of agents regionally.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
80+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1475854[1]
Cassel and Brown Real Estate Partners
Contact
Phone: (415) 310-0066
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.anthonyecassel.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Anthony%20Cassel
23+ years experience[1]
240+ career transactions[2]
Range: $715K to $2.8M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his founding role in the charitable initiative Cassel & Brown Cares, demonstrating deep community commitment. This leadership is supported by over 800 families served, $1 billion+ in sales, and 92 five-star reviews.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
70+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1265201[1]
Vanguard Properties
Contact
Phone: (510) 757-4787
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.annefestegroup.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Anne%20Feste
26+ years experience[1]
410+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $375K to $3.7M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her exceptional quantifiable performance, ranking in the top 1% for local sales volume with over $300 million sold. She further distinguishes herself with a Certified Residential Specialist (CRS) designation and a perfect 5-star rating from 83 reviews.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
60+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #2235092[1]
Red Oak Realty
Contact
Phone: (510) 919-5499
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.ratooshgroup.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/DevinRatoosh
38+ years experience[1]
390+ career transactions[2]
10+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $374K to $2.2M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his deep community roots and leadership within the family-run Ratoosh Group, combined with a 5-star rating from 72 reviews and nearly 40 years of local market expertise.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
50+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #2028425[1]
Keller Williams Luxury International
Contact
Phone: (510) 768-8228
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.hansandkristin.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/hans571
8+ years experience[1]
180+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $400K to $4.0M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his dedicated community involvement and leadership roles. He combines an 8-year track record in Oakland's luxury market with strong performance metrics and specialized KW Luxury credentials.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
50+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1813062[1]
Ghaziani & Company Realty
Contact
Phone: (510) 812-4966
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.ghazianicompany.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/romeena1
100+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $220K to $1.9M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his active volunteer work and leadership in local community development, combined with a strong performance record of 66 five-star reviews and decades of expert market knowledge.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
50+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #2129404[1]
Bay Area Modern Real Estate
Contact
Phone: (415) 216-5653
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.moderngreenhomes.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/ary1
13+ years experience[1]
180+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $335K to $2.5M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his advocacy in environmental stewardship initiatives and community leadership. He combines 15 years of industry experience with exceptional 5-star ratings from 64 client reviews.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
50+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #802040[1]
BHG Reliance Partners
Contact
Phone: (510) 333-4460
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://glenbell.agent.rpeastbay.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/glenbell
45+ years experience[1]
410+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $675K to $2.4M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his deep community engagement, including being a frequently quoted local market expert. This is supported by his years as a consistent Top Producer with a team renowned for its market knowledge.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
4.9 stars[2][3]
40+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1721382[1]
Red Oak Realty
Contact
Phone: (510) 472-4770
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.gregnovakrealtor.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Greg%20Novak%20Realtor
20+ years experience[1]
100+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $438K to $1.5M[4]
Why selected: Selected for their active community leadership and charitable work. This is combined with a 5.0-star rating from over 100 client reviews and deep expertise as a Realtor-Investor.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
30+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1342117[1]
Red Oak Realty
Contact
Phone: (510) 226-8788
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.ezfletcher.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Bill%20and%20Eli
19+ years experience[1]
290+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $325K to $3.0M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his active community involvement through charitable donations and volunteer work with local organizations. He is backed by 42 five-star reviews and a remarkable 90% repeat/referral business rate from nearly two decades of experience.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1885597[1]
Soodo Real Estate
Contact
Phone: (510) 761-9536
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.soodo.us/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Soodo%20Real%20Estate
21+ years experience[1]
300+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $428K to $4.2M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his significant community leadership roles and charitable work. He combines this with a 14-year track record of quantifiable success, doubling his business yearly in the Bay Area's competitive market.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1487667[1]
eXp Realty of California, Inc.
Contact
Phone: (510) 774-9490
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.fastexpert.com/agents/anna-oliver-66012/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/AnnaeXp
20+ years experience[1]
100+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $150K to $1.1M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her dedicated community leadership as a REALTIST with the Oakland NAREB chapter, promoting housing equality. She combines 20 years of experience with exceptional client feedback, 36 five-star reviews, and $10M in annual sales.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1942824[1]
Compass
Contact
Phone: (510) 590-0963
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.alexmichas.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Alex%20Michas
15+ years experience[1]
130+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $435K to $33.0M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his deep community involvement and leadership roles, Alex Michas also demonstrates exceptional performance with 34 five-star reviews and record-breaking sales like the $23M 26 Sea View transaction.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1977223[1]
Vanguard Properties
Contact
Phone: (415) 535-2996
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.eastbakergroup.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/glenniekramerbaker
10+ years experience[1]
120+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $550K to $3.0M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her leadership of the East Baker Group and deep community involvement. She combines over a decade of experience with strong market knowledge and a proven commitment to her clients.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1917810[1]
Compass
Contact
Phone: (510) 459-7673
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.compass.com/agents/anna-bahnson/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/annabahnson
13+ years experience[1]
240+ career transactions[2]
10+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $525K to $4.8M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her deep community involvement and leadership roles, combined with 33 five-star reviews and a unique, client-protective expertise drawn from her construction industry background.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1372885[1]
Sotheby's International Realty
Contact
Phone: (510) 693-7931
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.anthonyriggins.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Anthony%20Riggins
24+ years experience[1]
490+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $1.0M to $3.5M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his active leadership and mentorship within the real estate professional community. He is a top national producer with over $750M in sales, 33 five-star reviews, and consistent #1 East Bay team ranking.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
20+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #2011381[1]
Better Homes and Garden Real Estate
Contact
Phone: (510) 776-3794
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://gillianperkins.rpeastbay.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/realtorgillianp
7+ years experience[1]
70+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $315K to $1.3M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her deep community involvement, including board positions and local engagement. She combines this with a strong 8-year track record of exceeding client expectations in the East Bay market.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
10+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1716499[1]
Vanguard Properties
Contact
Phone: (510) 332-5747
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://vanguardproperties.com/agents/ann-lovi
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/AnnLovi
20+ years experience[1]
190+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $506K to $3.4M[4]
Why selected: Selected for dedicated community service and professional excellence, demonstrated through performance, ranking in the top 1.5% of realtors nationally with over $225M in career sales and a perfect 5-star rating. Her deep market expertise, honed over nearly two decades, consistently delivers outstanding client results.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
10+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #544137[1]
Coldwell Homes Real Estate Group
Contact
Phone: (708) 207-0738
Email: [email protected]
Website: https://www.annmariehickey.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/Ann%20Marie%20Hickey
18+ years experience[1]
50+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $283K to $1.6M[4]
Why selected: Selected for her 17 years of dedicated market experience and strong community involvement, which is paramount in our ranking. She maintains a perfect 5-star rating across 27 reviews, demonstrating exceptional client satisfaction and reliable, results-oriented service.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
10+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #00934170[1]
Cassel & Brown Real Estate
Contact
Phone: (510) 334-6952
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.cb-re.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/AaronBrownEastBay
18+ years experience[1]
450+ career transactions[2]
20+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $345K to $3.7M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his deep community roots and leadership as a Founding Partner of a respected local brokerage. He combines this with a 5-star rating across 21 reviews and over 400 successful transactions.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.
5 stars[2][3]
10+ reviews[2][3]
Lic #1958173[1]
Better Homes and Gardens
Contact
Phone: (510) 907-0404
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.adriandiazhomes.com/
Zillow: https://www.zillow.com/profile/TownAgent
11+ years experience[1]
50+ career transactions[2]
0+ transactions last 12 mo[4]
Range: $600K to $1.4M[4]
Why selected: Selected for his perfect 5-star rating across 10+ verified reviews in the last 24 months and standing in the top 3% of agents. His decade of expertise and Gold Award recognition demonstrate consistent superior performance and client advocacy.
This agent passed the full merit gate (4.5+ stars, 10+ verified reviews in 24 months, 5+ years experience). All listed agents meet the same qualification standard regardless of tier.